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Gabrielle Kirk McDonald
Gabrielle Anne Kirk McDonald (born April 12, 1942) is an American lawyer and jurist who, until her retirement in October 2013,〔http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2013/08/213477.htm〕 served as an American arbitrator on the Iran – United States Claims Tribunal seated in The Hague. She is a former judge at the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas and the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY). McDonald was one of the first eleven judges elected by the United Nations to serve on the Yugoslav Tribunal and went on to become its President between 1997 and 1999,〔 the only woman to occupy the position since its founding in 1994. As the presiding judge in Trial Chamber II, she issued the tribunal's verdict against Duško Tadić, the first international war crimes trial since the Nuremberg Trials and the International Military Tribunal for the Far East. The Tadić case was also the first international war crimes trial involving charges of sexual violence.〔
==Early life and education==
McDonald was born in Saint Paul, Minnesota on April 12, 1942〔Profile of Gabrielle Kirk McDonald, Human Rights Brief 7, no. 3 (Spring 2000)〕 to her late mother Frances Retta English and late father, James G. Kirk, Jr.〔Lessons from the Killing Fields; Judge Gabrielle Kirk McDonald and the Bosnian War Crimes Tribunal in Holland, Felde, Kitty, MPLS-St. Paul Magazine, September 1998 (No. 9, Vol. 26; Pg. 106; ISSN: 0162-6655〕 In her September 1998 interview with ''St. Paul Magazine'', McDonald remembered her mother as an ambitious woman with dreams of pursuing a career in acting and writing.〔 Her father was a World War II veteran and like his father, worked as a dining car waiter for the Northern Pacific Railway.〔 Her parents divorced in 1944, shortly after McDonald's brother, James G. Kirk III was born.〔 Frances English Kirk soon thereafter moved to New York with her two children. Living in East Harlem, Frances Kirk worked as a secretary for various newspapers, magazines, and publishing houses.〔〔 When McDonald was eight years old, she and her mother moved to Riverdale, New York.〔()〕 McDonald has often spoken about her mother's refusal to accept prejudice and discrimination, which include her confrontation with a racist landlord who wanted to evict Frances from her apartment when he learned that her children were Negro.〔 Frances Kirk refused to budge.〔 Born of a Swedish mother and an African-American father, Frances was light-complected and many believed she was Caucasian. In the 2004 Horatio Alger Award short biographical film, McDonald also spoke about an incident where a taxi driver apologized to her mother for the unpleasant smell in his car because a previous passenger had been an African-American. Seeing her mother challenge these incidents taught McDonald early in her life that "you just don't sit back quietly . . . you say something."〔
The family eventually moved to Teaneck, New Jersey, where McDonald graduated from Teaneck High School.〔 Tall and athletic, she played field hockey and was president of the girls' leadership club. Her yearbook states that she is one of the "nicest" and "most liked girls" in the class in which there was only one other African-American student. She attended Boston University (1959–1961) and Hunter College (1961–1963) for her undergraduate education.〔Just the Beginning Foundation Biographies, http://www.jtbf.org/index.php?src=directory&view=biographies&srctype=detail&refno=115〕
In 1963, determined to become a civil rights lawyer, McDonald enrolled at Howard University School of Law.〔 At Howard Law, she worked as a research assistant in her first year and in her second, earned a scholarship from the Ford Foundation.〔 She went on to serve as secretary of the student bar association and Notes Editor for the ''Howard Law Journal''.〔Living History Interview with Judge Gabrielle Kirk McDonald, 10 Transnat'l L. & Contemp. Probs. 643 (2000)〕 She graduated ''cum laude'' and first in her class.〔〔Horne, William. ("Judging Tadic: Former U.S. District Judge in Houston Answers State Department's Call" ), ''Court TV''〕 At the time, there were only 142 African-American women lawyers in the country.〔() 〕
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